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Chain-of-Thought (CoT)
Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompts models to show intermediate reasoning steps, improving multi-step problem solving and interpretability for math, logic,…
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Text Embedding
A text embedding is a dense vector that encodes the meaning of text for similarity search, clustering, and…
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Small Language Model (SLM)
A Small Language Model (SLM) is a compact LLM optimized for low latency and memory via distillation, pruning,…
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Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (Graph RAG)
Graph RAG organizes knowledge as a graph and retrieves connected subgraphs for LLMs, enabling multi-hop reasoning, disambiguation, and…
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Structured Output
Structured output constrains LLMs to emit schema‑valid JSON or similar formats, boosting reliability, safety, and integration by replacing…
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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
RAG grounds LLM outputs in retrieved documents via sparse, dense, or hybrid search, improving factuality, citations, and freshness…
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Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)
DPO aligns LLMs using human preference pairs—no reward model or RL required—by training the policy to prefer chosen…
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AI Hallucination
AI hallucination is when a generative model confidently outputs false, fabricated, or unsupported content. It stems from likelihood-driven…
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Small Language Model (SLM)
A Small Language Model (SLM) is a compact LLM optimized for low latency and memory via distillation, pruning,…
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Diffusion Model
A diffusion model generates data by reversing a gradual noising process, denoising step by step—often in latent space—and…
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Chain-of-Thought (CoT)
Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompts models to show intermediate reasoning steps, improving multi-step problem solving and interpretability for math, logic,…
-
Text Embedding
A text embedding is a dense vector that encodes the meaning of text for similarity search, clustering, and…
-
Small Language Model (SLM)
A Small Language Model (SLM) is a compact LLM optimized for low latency and memory via distillation, pruning,…
-
Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (Graph RAG)
Graph RAG organizes knowledge as a graph and retrieves connected subgraphs for LLMs, enabling multi-hop reasoning, disambiguation, and…
-
Structured Output
Structured output constrains LLMs to emit schema‑valid JSON or similar formats, boosting reliability, safety, and integration by replacing…
-
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
RAG grounds LLM outputs in retrieved documents via sparse, dense, or hybrid search, improving factuality, citations, and freshness…
-
Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)
DPO aligns LLMs using human preference pairs—no reward model or RL required—by training the policy to prefer chosen…
-
AI Hallucination
AI hallucination is when a generative model confidently outputs false, fabricated, or unsupported content. It stems from likelihood-driven…
-
Small Language Model (SLM)
A Small Language Model (SLM) is a compact LLM optimized for low latency and memory via distillation, pruning,…
-
Diffusion Model
A diffusion model generates data by reversing a gradual noising process, denoising step by step—often in latent space—and…